The Egyptians took sin very seriously. There were series of laws in the book of the dead, that Egyptians were expected to follow, if these laws were broken there was severe penatiles. It was effected also in the after life, you either enjoyed a pleasant fate or they were tortured forever in the underworld.
Egypt-The Book Of The Dead The Book of the dead was also full of Laws that the Egyptians followed. It listed different rules such as: you should not steal bread (or food) or you must not curse a god. The commands were listed with the pharaoh then a god and the law following it. Example: "Hail, Kenemti, who comest forth from Kenmet, I have not blasphemed." The Book of the dead was also full of other laws. The Book Of The dead is also full of rituals and spells the priests used for healings and mummification
A section of the book of the dead-Judgement
List of commands: "I have not commited robbery or violence"
"I have not killed men or women"
"I have not commited adultery, I have not lain with men"
"I have not made deceit"
"I have not transgressed the Law of the god"
"I have not angered"
"I have not blasphemed"
"I have bot done evil"
"I have not taken the god's name in vain"
"I have not stolen"
"I have not worked witchcraft"
"I have not slain the cattle of the god"
If any of these laws were broken, and no confession was given the punishment were either fines that needed payment, imprisonment, forced labour, beatings, mutilation, banishment, or death. Amon-Ra The Sun god, King over all gods. He had the body of man but the head of a falcon, which he later merged with Horus. The Egyptians viewed him as hero, he defended against monsters in the underworld such as Set, Apophis, a huge serpent, and Mehen. It was also said that many pharaoh's rebirths were based Amon-Ra in the afterlife.
Osiris Osiris is the father of Anubis and Horus, the husband and brother of Isis. he also judged the dead, wether they entered into the after or life or was severly punished. (see judgement) Osiris had a son Horus (Which is the god with the head of a Bird and body of a man) and a Brother (Set) who was banished to the underworld. Unfortnely, Osiris was murdered and his body was torn into pieces and thrown into the sea.
Anubis Son of Osiris and Nyphthys Anubis was the Egyptian god of the underworld, and was also associated with mummification. Had the body of a man and the head of a jackel (which is a dog with pointed ears.) He was also gurdian of the scales that weighed the souls after death. His birth myth stated that his parents got drunk and seduction was followed, which brought Anubis forth.
Horus Son of Isis and Osiris was the god of the sky and venegeance. Had the head of a Falcon and the body of a man. It was said that said that his right eye was the sun and the left eye was the moon, and they watched over watched over the skies with a bird's eye view of a falcon. It was also said when his uncle killed his brother, Osiris, Isis trained him to battle him. As a result of the battle, Horus lost his left eye, which the Egyptians gave the explaination that was why the moon was weaker than the sun.
Isis Wife of Osiris, mother of Horus.Goddess of Women and children, she was also protector of the dead. Depicted as a woman with a headdress that was shapped like a throne, with an ankh in her hand. It was said in early Egyptian history, that her tears that mourned her husband's death flowed in the Nile river.
Mummification process When a person died, the Egyptians would do numberous steps to prepare the body for the burial called Mummfication, this process included cleaning, embalment, and dressing the body for the afterlife the steps were:
Step 1- The body was taken to a certain tent where it was cleaned with fresh pine oil and it was rinsed with water from the Nile River.
Step 2- After the body was cleaned, one of the two embalmers makes a cut on the left side of the body and removes the internal organs are taken out ( The lungs, liver, stomach,and intestines) because they decompose first and they were washed and placed in Natron, which dried the organs out . The heart was left in the body, It was believed that it was the center of intelligence and the feeling of a person. The brain was taken out through the nose with a long hook.
Step 3- The body was then covered and stuffed with natron, which dried the body out for 40 days.
Step 4- After forty days, the body was washed again with water from the river, then covered in oil to keep the skin elastic.
Step 5- The dehydrated organs are wrapped in linen and returned to the body, the body then is stuffed with dry materials (ex: sawdust) and linen that makes the body look life like.
In early history, the internal organs were placed in canopic jars, these had different heads of different figures (ex:jackel,Lion, a human, and falcon)
Step 6- Next steps are wrapping the body, first the head, then fingers and toes.All wrapped with strips of Linen
Step 7- The legs and arms are wrapped separatly, between layers amulets are placed there, to protect the body in the underworld.
Step 8- While the body is being wrapped, the priest reads out loud spells to protect the body and ward off evil spirits.
Step 9-The body is completely wrapped the arms are tied together. Scrolls from the book of the dead are placed between the hands.
Step 10- More bandages are wrapped around the body, and painted with resin which helps the bandages stick together.
Step 11- The body is wrapped in cloth, and a picture was painted of osiris on the cloth.
Step 12- Finally the body is wrapped in a larger cloth and wrapped with stripes of linen around the to, middle, and bottom of the mummy. a painted board is placed on top of the mummy and lowered into the coffin and put into the second coffin.
Step 13- The funeral is held, and a ritual called opening of the mouth is performed which allows the dead to drink and eat again.
Step 14- The body is placed is in a sarcophagus in the tomb. everything from funiture, food, drink, clothing are placed in the tomb, so the body can enjoy them in the after life.
Step 15- The body is sent to be judged for it's fate.
Mummy of son Ramsses II
Judgement When a human being dies, they were mummified and were sent to the gods Osiris, Anubus, and Horus for Judgement. There was one scale, on one side was the feather of truth, on the other side was were your heart (which represented the soul) the Egyptians belived in the afterlife. if the heart was sinless, they would enjoy the after life and be watched over by the gods. However, if their heart was heavier than the feather of truth and that person's life was full of sins, Then the gods would send that person's heart down to the underworld, and they would be eaten by a terrible monster.
Afterlife The Egyptians believed the soul pocessed a ka or a life force, which left the body after death. To endure life, the ka would receive food or drink offerings.The body also had a ba which was the set of spiritual characteristcs of an indiviual, but the ba remained in the body after death, that's where mummification came in. It was believed that only pharaohs had a ba, and he would become one of the gods, and he dwelled in the stars.while the commoners passed onto dark, bleak realm that was the opposite of life. It wasn't until the last old kingdom, that it was said that all Egyptians had a ba and the afterlife was opened to everyone. Many were sent to Osiris' realm, which was said to very lush and pleasant.
Egyptian sins and punishment
The Egyptians took sin very seriously. There were series of laws in the book of the dead, that Egyptians were expected to follow, if these laws were broken there was severe penatiles. It was effected also in the after life, you either enjoyed a pleasant fate or they were tortured forever in the underworld.List of commands: "I have not commited robbery or violence"
"I have not killed men or women"
"I have not commited adultery, I have not lain with men"
"I have not made deceit"
"I have not transgressed the Law of the god"
"I have not angered"
"I have not blasphemed"
"I have bot done evil"
"I have not taken the god's name in vain"
"I have not stolen"
"I have not worked witchcraft"
"I have not slain the cattle of the god"
If any of these laws were broken, and no confession was given the punishment were either fines that needed payment, imprisonment, forced labour, beatings, mutilation, banishment, or death.
Amon-Ra The Sun god, King over all gods. He had the body of man but the head of a falcon, which he later merged with Horus. The Egyptians viewed him as hero, he defended against monsters in the underworld such as Set, Apophis, a huge serpent, and Mehen. It was also said that many pharaoh's rebirths were based Amon-Ra in the afterlife.
Osiris Osiris is the father of Anubis and Horus, the husband and brother of Isis. he also judged the dead, wether they entered into the after or life or was severly punished. (see judgement) Osiris had a son Horus (Which is the god with the head of a Bird and body of a man) and a Brother (Set) who was banished to the underworld. Unfortnely, Osiris was murdered and his body was torn into pieces and thrown into the sea.
Anubis Son of Osiris and Nyphthys Anubis was the Egyptian god of the underworld, and was also associated with mummification. Had the body of a man and the head of a jackel (which is a dog with pointed ears.) He was also gurdian of the scales that weighed the souls after death. His birth myth stated that his parents got drunk and seduction was followed, which brought Anubis forth.
Horus Son of Isis and Osiris was the god of the sky and venegeance. Had the head of a Falcon and the body of a man. It was said that said that his right eye was the sun and the left eye was the moon, and they watched over watched over the skies with a bird's eye view of a falcon. It was also said when his uncle killed his brother, Osiris, Isis trained him to battle him. As a result of the battle, Horus lost his left eye, which the Egyptians gave the explaination that was why the moon was weaker than the sun.
Isis Wife of Osiris, mother of Horus.Goddess of Women and children, she was also protector of the dead. Depicted as a woman with a headdress that was shapped like a throne, with an ankh in her hand. It was said in early Egyptian history, that her tears that mourned her husband's death flowed in the Nile river.
Mummification process When a person died, the Egyptians would do numberous steps to prepare the body for the burial called Mummfication, this process included cleaning, embalment, and dressing the body for the afterlife the steps were:
Afterlife The Egyptians believed the soul pocessed a ka or a life force, which left the body after death. To endure life, the ka would receive food or drink offerings.The body also had a ba which was the set of spiritual characteristcs of an indiviual, but the ba remained in the body after death, that's where mummification came in. It was believed that only pharaohs had a ba, and he would become one of the gods, and he dwelled in the stars.while the commoners passed onto dark, bleak realm that was the opposite of life. It wasn't until the last old kingdom, that it was said that all Egyptians had a ba and the afterlife was opened to everyone. Many were sent to Osiris' realm, which was said to very lush and pleasant.
Bibliography
Mummification-embalment and wrapping:
<www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story/main.html >
Book of the Dead and myths:
<http://www.touregypt.net/bod122.htm>
<http://www.touregypt.net/bkofdead.htm.
Gods and Goddess: Isis:
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/**Isis**; <Isis-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia>
www.ancient-**egypt**-online.com/**egyptian**-**goddess**-**isis**.html <A Biography of the Egyptian Goddess Isis>
Anubis:
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/godsreligion/p/Anubis.htm; <About the Egyptian God Anubis>
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/**Anubis** <Anubis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia>
Osiris:
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/**Osiris** <Osiris - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia>
http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/osiris.html <Osiris - Egyptian God of the Underworld>
Horus:
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/**Horus**
Amon-Ra:
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra
Afterlife:
www.king-tut.org.uk/**egyptian**-mummies/**egyptian**-**afterlife**.htm <Egyptian Afterlife - King Tut>
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion
Punishment:
www.reshafim.org.il/ad/**egypt**/law_and_order/index.html
images:
www.google.images.com
By Leia Kenerly